本文目录
冰岛 英文简介
Iceland (Icelandic, Ísland), island republic, in the North Atlantic Ocean, about 300 km (about 185 mi) east of Greenland and about 1,000 km (about 620 mi) west of Norway. The country’s extreme dimensions are about 305 km (about 190 mi) from north to south and about 485 km (about 300 mi) from east to west. Iceland has an area of 103,000 sq km (39,800 sq mi).
II LAND AND RESOURCES
In shape Iceland is generally elliptic, and the coastline, with a total length of 4,990 km (3,100 mi), is deeply indented, especially in the west and north. Important embayments on the West Coast are Faxaflói (bay) and Breiðafjörður (fjord). Projecting northwest between the latter and Húnaflói (bay), one of the major indentations on the northern coast, is an irregularly formed peninsula fringed by precipitous cliffs. The peninsular coastline makes up about 30 percent of the total for the island. Volcanic in origin, Iceland consists predominantly of uninhabitable lava tablelands with mountainous outcroppings; the lowlands, situated mainly along the southwestern coast, occupy about 25 percent of the total area. The bulk of the Icelandic population lives along the coast, particularly in the southwest.
Elevations in the uplands average between about 610 and 915 m (about 2,000 and 3,000 ft). Hvannadalshnúkur (2,119 m/6,952 ft), in the southeast, is the highest summit. Nearly 15 percent of the surface of the island is covered by snowfields and glaciers. Vatnajökull, a glacier in the southeast, has an area of 8,456 sq km (3,265 sq mi). The island has more than 120 glaciers and numerous small lakes and swift-flowing rivers.
Iceland is remarkable for the number of its volcanoes, craters, and thermal springs and for the frequency of its earthquakes. More than 100 volcanoes, including at least 25 that have erupted in historic times, are situated on the island. Noteworthy among the volcanoes are Hekla (1,491 m/4,892 ft), which has erupted many times, including in 1766, 1947, and 1980, and nearby Laki, with about 100 separate craters. Vast lava fields have been created by volcanoes, and many eruptions have caused widespread devastation. In 1783, when the only known eruption of Laki occurred, molten lava, volcanic ashes and gases, and torrential floods resulting from melting ice and snow led to the deaths of more than 9,000 people, ruined large tracts of arable land, and destroyed about 80 percent of the livestock on the island. In 1963 an ocean-floor volcano erupted off the southwestern coast of Iceland, creating Surtsey Island. In 1973 a volcano on Heimaey Island became active, forcing the evacuation of the island’s main town, Vestmannaeyjar.
Thermal springs are common in Iceland. Particularly numerous in the volcanic areas, the springs occur as geysers, as boiling mud lakes, and in various other forms. Geysir, generally regarded as the most spectacular, erupts at irregular intervals (usually from 5 to 36 hr), ejecting a column of boiling water up to about 60 m (about 200 ft) in height. Most homes and industrial establishments in the Reykjavík area are heated by water piped from nearby hot springs.
A Climate
Iceland has a relatively mild and equable climate, despite its high altitude and its proximity to the Arctic. Because of oceanic influences, notably the North Atlantic Drift (a continuation of the Gulf Stream), climatic conditions are moderate in all sections of the island. The mean annual temperature at Reykjavík is about 5° C (about 41° F), with a range from -1° C (31° F) in January to 11° C (52° F) in July. In the northwestern, northern, and eastern coastal regions, subject to the effects of polar currents and drifting ice, temperatures are generally lower. Windstorms of considerable violence are characteristic during much of the winter season. Annual precipitation ranges between about 1,270 and 2,030 mm (about 50 and 80 in) along the southern coast, and is only about 510 mm (about 20 in) along the northern coast. The southern slopes of some of Iceland’s interior mountains receive up to about 4,570 mm (about 180 in) of moisture per year.
B Plants and Animals
The vegetation of Iceland is of the arctic European type. Grass and heather are abundant along the southern coast and afford pasturage for sheep and other livestock. Extensive forests probably existed on the island in prehistoric times, but present-day trees, such as birch and spruce, are relatively scarce. Bilberries and crowberries are the only kinds of fruit that grow on the island. The arctic fox was probably living in Iceland at the time of the first human settlement. Reindeer were introduced about 1770; rodents were brought in on ships. Neither reptiles nor frogs and toads are found. About 100 species of birds inhabit the island; many of these species are aquatic, among them the whistling swan and several kinds of duck. The eider duck is valued for its down. Whales and seals live along the coast, as do cod, haddock, halibut, and herring. Many salmon and trout inhabit Iceland’s freshwater rivers and lakes.
III POPULATION
The population of Iceland is extremely homogeneous, being almost entirely of Scandinavian and Celtic origin. Beginning in the 1940s a large-scale movement to the coastal towns and villages has occurred. Some 92 percent of the people now live in cities and towns. The population of Iceland (2002 estimate) is 279,384. The overall population density is 2.7 persons per sq km (7 per sq mi).
A Political Divisions and Principal Cities
Iceland is divided into eight regions, each with its own administrative center. Reykjavík (population, 1998 estimate, 108,351) is the capital and chief port. Other towns are Akureyri (15,102), on the northern coast; Kópavogur (21,370), Hafnarfjörður (18,600), and Keflavík (7,637), on the western coast near Reykjavík; and Vestmannaeyjar (4,640), on the tiny island of Heimaey off the southern coast.
B Religion and Language
The state church of Iceland is the Evangelical Lutheran church, with which about 90 percent of the people are affiliated. Complete religious freedom exists, however. Free Lutherans and Roman Catholics make up a small minority. The language is Icelandic, which has remained closer to the Old Norse of Iceland’s original Viking settlers than to the other Scandinavian languages. See Icelandic Language; Icelandic Literature.
C Education
Literacy in Iceland approaches 100 percent of the adult population. Education is free through the university level and is compulsory for all children between the ages of 6 and 16. In the 1998-1999 school year 30,355 pupils were enrolled in primary schools, 30,253 students attended secondary and vocational schools, and 7386 were enrolled in higher institutions. The leading institution of higher education is the University of Iceland (1911), in Reykjavík. The country also has a technical college and colleges of agriculture and music as well as teacher-training schools.
The principal libraries of Iceland are the University Library, the National Library, and the City Library, all located in Reykjavík. The capital is also the site of the Museum of Natural History; the National Museum, containing a major collection of Icelandic antiquities; and an art gallery housing the work of the Icelandic sculptor Einar Jónsson.
IV ECONOMY
Private enterprise forms the basis of the economy of Iceland, but the government exercises a considerable degree of control and supervision over key sectors. Until the close of the 19th century, agriculture was the chief occupation, with fishing as a supplementary source of income. By the middle of the 20th century, however, fishing and fish processing had become the major industries. Hydroelectric power potential is abundant and is being developed to further industrialization. In 1970 Iceland became a member of the European Free Trade Association. The national budget in 1998 included revenue of $2.4 billion and expenditure of $2.4 billion. Iceland suffered from a high rate of inflation in the late 1970s and the 1980s, but the rate decreased substantially in the early 1990s. In 2000 Iceland’s gross domestic product was $8.5 billion.
A Agriculture
Only 9 percent of Iceland’s labor force is engaged in agriculture and fishing. Only 0.07 percent of the land area is under cultivation. The principal crops are turnips and potatoes. Livestock raising is a major occupation, and considerable quantities of dairy products, wool, mutton and lamb, and chicken eggs are produced. In 2001 the country had 465,000 sheep, 72,100 cattle, and 77,330 horses.
B Fishing
Fishing and fish processing are the most important Icelandic industries, and the total catch in 1997 was 2.2 million metric tons. Food products, including fresh and processed fish, account for 70 percent of Iceland’s exports. Iceland is a leading producer of cod, and other major components of the catch include capelin, haddock, crustaceans, herring, redfish, and saithe. Coastal towns have extensive facilities for fish processing. In response to international pressure, Iceland suspended all whaling operations in 1989. However, in June 1992 Iceland withdrew from the International Whaling Commission, disputing the designation of some species of whales as endangered and claiming that certain species threatened Iceland’s commercial fish population.
C Mining
Iceland has few proven mineral resources, and profitable development has been difficult. Minerals of commercial value include pumice and diatomite.
D Manufacturing
Aside from fish processing, manufacturing is primarily for domestic consumption needs. Principal products are clothing, shoes, soaps, and chemicals. Book production is also a large trade in Iceland. Some electrical appliances are made. In addition, major plants producing aluminum (from imported bauxite) and ferrosilicon have been established to take advantage of Iceland’s energy resources.
E Energy
Hydroelectric installations produce 85 percent of Iceland’s electricity, with geothermal sources supplying the rest. Output in 1999 was 7.1 billion kilowatt hours. Hot water from springs is used for heating and in some manufacturing operations.
F Currency and Banking
The monetary unit of Iceland is the króna, consisting of 100 aurar (78.62 krónur equal U.S. $1; 2000). In 1981 the government introduced a new króna, equivalent to 100 old krónur. Currency is issued by the state-owned Central Bank (1961). Iceland has several private commercial banks.
G Foreign Trade
The yearly value of Iceland’s imports is often greater than that of its exports, although the country’s foreign trade balances occasionally. In 2000 imports cost $2.6 billion, and exports earned $1.9 billion. Major imports include refined petroleum, machinery, transportation equipment, textiles and clothing, chemicals, basic manufactures, and foodstuffs. Exports of metal and ores, including a significant amount of aluminum, account for 16 percent of total exports. The country’s main trade partners are the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden, France, Norway, and Japan.
H Transportation and Communications
Iceland has 12,962 km (8,054 mi) of roads, which are mainly located in coastal areas. In 1999 Iceland had 546 passenger cars for every 1,000 residents. The island has no railroads or navigable rivers. The country has several seaports, including Arkanes, Keflavík, Reykjavík, and Siglufjörður. Icelandair provides domestic and international air service.
There are 3 daily newspapers published in Iceland, with a combined circulation of 145,000. Telephone and telegraph services are owned and administered by the government; the state monopoly on radio and television broadcasting ended in 1986. In 1997 the country had 950 radio receivers and 358 television sets for every 1,000 inhabitants.
V GOVERNMENT
Iceland is governed under a constitution that became effective when the country achieved full independence in 1944. Iceland has no armed forces of its own except for 120 coast guard personnel, but is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. In 1997 some 1,520 United States military personnel were stationed at Keflavík air base.
A Executive
The head of state of Iceland is a president, who is elected by universal suffrage by persons aged 18 and older to a four-year term. The president has little power, and the country’s chief executive is a prime minister, who is responsible to Parliament. The prime minister is assisted by a cabinet, which holds real executive power.
B Legislature
The legislature of Iceland is the Althing, which has met almost continually since its establishment in ad 930, and which was converted from a bicameral to a unicameral system in 1991. It has 63 members, 54 elected to four-year terms under a system of proportional representation and 9 allotted to the political parties based on their relative vote totals in the elections.
C Political Parties
The leading political organizations of Iceland are the Independence Party, a conservative group; the leftist Alliance coalition, which includes the People’s Alliance, the People’s Party, and the Alliance of Women’s List; the liberal Progressive Party; and the Left-Green Alliance. Governments in Iceland are generally formed by coalitions, including the current government of the Independence Party and the Progressive Party.
怎么介绍冰岛
冰岛位于北大西洋和北冰洋的交汇处，首都是雷克雅未克， 国土面积约为10.3万平方千米，是一个非常美丽的国家。
冰岛是国家吗简介一下
冰岛的确是一个国家，首都是雷克雅末克。
冰岛是欧洲第二大岛屿，找遍地球的各个角落，你不会发现第二个国家有她这样如此千变万化的自然景观。大自然的伟大的力量在冰岛呈现出的温柔、粗旷、壮美、奇特、怪异、虚幻、甚至残酷、无奈，让人觉得在冰岛一这个面积只有七万平方公里的小国上同时出现，绝对是让人不可思议。您在这个岛上可以领略到冰川、热泉、间歇泉、活火山、冰帽、苔原、冰原、雪峰、火山岩荒漠、瀑布及火山口，还有凡尔纳笔下的“地心游记” 通向地心的入口：斯乃费尔峰。
初到冰岛，您会有一种走到世界尽头的感觉：没有一棵树。路两旁是一望无际的黄绿色的火山岩荒漠。天尽头是一座座火山。难怪当年美国宇航员实施经登月行动之前就是在冰岛的荒漠上体验月球上的感觉的。
冰岛的气候变化无常，有一句著名的玩笑：“它果你不喜欢冰岛此时的天气，那么请等五分钟，到时候可能比现在还不好”。由于冰岛地势较高，一半的土地以400米以上高原为主，所以降雨量极大。海岛周围没有大陆，所以岛上风刮得也很邪。这大概是岛上少树的原因吧。冰岛人引以自毫的有三样室：鱼、地热和冰岛马。北大西洋暖流和冰岛寒流交汇于此，使冰岛成为世界上最大的渔场之一，而渔业资源已经成了冰岛的生命线；地热是冰岛人取暖的唯一途径。由于不用烧煤，冰岛本来就是很漂亮的建筑物上更是一尘不染。这里也就此成为世界上最干净的国家。说起冰岛的矮种马，喜欢马的人都把这种既温顺又会五种步法的马视为珍品。
冰岛是世界上人均寿命最长的国家之一，在与大自然的搏斗中，冰岛人练就了非常强健的体魄也培养出了知足长乐、不怨天由人的乐观精神，难怪冰岛人被公认为世界上最快乐的人！到冰岛旅游，以夏天为最美，您可以把首都雷克亚未克，这座世界上最干净的袖珍的城市作为您的大本营。在参观了城市的象征––象一艘正欲拔地而起的飞船似盼“哈格林”教堂，欣赏了市中心图宁湖畔栖息的大雁群后，您就可以开始向真正的冰岛出发了。
如果时间只有两三天，您可以参观雷克亚未克附近的死火山湖，欧洲最大的瀑布––黄金瀑布，冰岛的奇景––盖歇尔间歇热泉。还可以在美国板块和欧洲板块的交汇处，“国会山”国家公园漫步，您可以乘车穿过冰岛南部广阔美丽的牧场。到第四冰川“米达尔”一游。在那里，您可以亲自驾驶雪地摩托，在向导的带领下体验这一惊险的运动，还可以参观两座欧洲著名的瀑布––森林瀑布和牧羊瀑布。
如果您在冰岛有更长的时间，那可以选择的旅游路线就更多了：您会有机会乘坐越野吉普深入冰岛腹地，探索人迹罕至的荒原、冰川；有机会到牧场小住两天，和那里的乖巧的矮种马和牧马人成为好朋友：有机会乘飞机到冰岛北部，在海湾观赏那里的鲸群；也有机会飞到世界最大的岛屿––格陵兰岛，去体会爱斯基摹人的生活。
当您心满意足又精疲力尽地回到雷克亚未克时，别忘了在告别这个小岛时洗一下Blue Lagoon温泉浴，四季皆宜，保证又解乏又健身。
谢谢提问。
赤道中的冰岛简介
冰岛于1918年宣布为主权国家，但仍受丹麦国王的控制，由丹麦处理其外交事务。在第二次世界大战中，冰岛脱离丹麦，同英国和美国建立了外交关系。1944年6月17日成立冰岛共和国，1946年加入联合国，1949年成为北约成员国。 一提起冰岛，人们通常会把它与严寒和冰雪联系在一起。然而，当我们身临其境时才发现，冰岛虽有冰，但到处触摸到的却是“火”。火山、热泉、间歇泉在这里比比皆是，“地球的热泪”遍地流淌、热气腾腾。因此，如果把冰岛称为“冰火之岛”更为确切。
火山活动频繁
大自然真是神奇。在我们的飞机到达冰岛首都雷克雅未克之前，从高空俯瞰，只见一片雾蒙蒙里，由黑褐色火山岩堆叠成的方块，看上去如同一栋栋灰色楼房。真正踏上这块土地，则像进入了另一个世界：地面上坑坑洼洼、渣石之上草木不生，只是在向阳的一面长出一层厚厚的苔藓，脚踩上去软绵绵的。难怪据说在阿波罗飞船登月前，美国曾利用这里的地貌模拟月球环境，让宇航员体验月球生活呢。
据当地人介绍，冰岛是由大陆板块漂移产生的缝隙中喷涌出的岩浆凝固而成的。全国有火山200多处，其中活火山约30余座，活动相当频繁，目前平均每5年就有一次火山爆发。最著名的海克拉火山有“地狱之门”之称，从9世纪有人居住至今，共喷发过18次，时间最长的一次更是历时13个月。
间歇泉堪称世界奇观
特殊的地理构造使得冰岛地下热流滚滚，仅天然温泉全国就有800多处，水温大多在75摄氏度左右，最高温度可达180摄氏度以上。最大的代尔卡通加泉每秒钟涌出沸水达150升。冰岛的间歇喷泉堪称世界奇观，英文中的Geysir（间歇泉）一词即来源于冰岛最著名的“盖锡尔”间歇泉。访问冰岛期间，我们有幸参观了距首都雷克雅未克100多公里远的“盖锡尔”间歇泉。它的四周包围着许多小型热泉，看上去就像一口烧着沸水的锅，咕嘟咕嘟不停地冒泡，手可一点儿也碰不得。“盖锡尔”沸水在下沉积蓄力量后，每8分钟喷发一次，高度可达30米，十分壮观。
冰岛的介绍
冰岛共和国（冰岛语：Ísland），简称冰岛，是北大西洋中的一个岛国，位于大西洋和北冰洋的交汇处，北欧五国之一，国土面积为10.3万平方千米，人口约为32万，是欧洲人口密度最小的国家。首都是雷克雅未克，也是冰岛的最大城市，首都附近的西南地区人口占全国的三分之二。冰岛地处大西洋中脊上，是一个多火山、地质活动频繁的国家。内陆主要是平原地貌，境内多分布沙质地、冷却的熔岩平原和冰川。冰岛虽然位于北极圈边缘，但受北大西洋暖流影响气候适宜。1根据《殖民之书》的记述，欧洲定居者的历史最早可追溯至公元874年，维京人殷格·亚纳逊一行人是冰岛最早的永久定居者，其他更早的定居者仅在冰岛过冬。其后的几个世纪，斯堪的纳维亚人在冰岛定居，他们也带来了盖尔人奴隶。1262至1918年冰岛成为了挪威的一部分，之后属丹麦王室治下。1918年冰岛宣布独立并在1944年成立共和国。2冰岛是一个高度发达的资本主义国家，国民拥有国家提供的健康保险和高等教育等北欧福利系统。2014年冰岛位于联合国人类发展指数的第13位，冰岛是北约成员国中，人口最少并且是唯一没有常备军队的国家，仅有海岸警备队承担国防任务。
冰岛是不是个国家请介绍详细！
冰岛是欧洲的一个国家。面积为１０．３万平方公里。是欧洲最西部的国家，位于北大西洋中部，靠近北极圈，冰川面积占８０００平方公里，为欧洲第二大岛。海岸线长约４９７０公里。全境３／４是海拔４００－８００米的高原，其中１／８被冰川覆盖。有１００多座火山，其中活火山２０多座。华纳达尔斯赫努克火山为全国最高峰，海拔２１１９米。冰岛几乎整个国家都建立在火山岩石上，大部分土地不能开垦，是世界温泉最多的国家，所以被称为冰火之国。多喷泉、瀑布、湖泊和湍急河流，最大河流锡尤尔骚河长２２７公里。冰岛属寒温带海洋性气候，变化无常。因受墨西哥湾暖流影响，较同纬度的其他地方温和。夏季日照长，冬季日照极短。秋季和冬初可见极光。 人口： ３１.９万（２００９年１月）。绝大多数为冰岛人，属日耳曼族。官方语言为冰岛语，英语为通用语言。近８５.４％的人信奉基督教路德教派。
