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求一篇关于美国总统威尔逊的英文简介，着重于他对世界和平事业所尽之力(500字左右）谢谢！
War Message
Woodrow Wilson’s War Message was delivered on April 2, 1917. This day he had stood up before Congress and delivered his historic speech.
President Wilson delivering his war message before Congress. April 2, 1917.April 2 was a cold and rainy day in Washington and thousands of supporters gathered to support President Wilson. Wilson had slept very little the night before but still spent the day reading over his address with Colonel House, a close friend, as they reworded and corrected the speech. That evening Wilson made his way to the State, War and Navy Building to discuss the war proclamation. At approximately 8:30 p.m. President Wilson was introduced to Congress. He walked to the rostrum and arranged his papers of his speech in a particular order on the podium. The applause that he received was the greatest that President Wilson had ever received in front of Congress. He waited impatiently for the applause to die down before he started his address. He had an intense look on his face and remained intense and almost motionless for the entire speech, only raising one arm as his only bodily movement.
In President Wilson’s war message presented to Congress, he addressed a few main points to Congress about why the United States was required to enter the war. He first brought to their attention that the Imperial German Government had announced that it would begin using its submarines to sink any vessel approaching the ports of Great Britain, Ireland or any of the Western Coasts of Europe. Wilson’s main concern was not that ships or any type of property were being damaged, but that innocent lives were being taken in these attacks by the Germans. Wilson announced that even though his previous thought was to remain in an “armed neutrality” state, it had become evident that this was no longer a practical tactic. He advised Congress to declare that the recent course of action taken by the Imperial German Government to be nothing less than war.
Wilson continues on to state that the object of this war was to “vindicate principles of peace and justice in the life of the world as against selfish and autocratic power...” He also describes the other undermining attacks on the U.S. by the German government by pointing out that they had “filled our unsuspecting communities and even our offices of government with spies and set criminal intrigues everywhere afoot against our national unity of counsel, our peace within and without our industries and our commerce.” The United States had also intercepted a telegram sent to the German ambassador in Mexico City which provided evidence that Germany meant to persuade Mexico to attack the U.S., hence Wilson states that the German government “means to stir up enemies against us at our very doors.”
Wilson ends his address to Congress with the statement that the world must be again safe for democracy.
Once he ended his War message in front of the joint houses of congress, the place loudly roared in applause. Wilson’s speech was not just for Congress but for the American public.
Opponents of war
Of the thousands of supporters in Washington that day “Hundreds carried little American flags. The very atmosphere was explosive with excitement.” According to Senator Robert M. La Follette, Sr. of Wisconsin, many were opposed to the war. In the three to four days that Congress had to decide whether to declare war or not, several telegrams and petitions were wired to him in Washington expressing disagreement with going to war. Senator Robert La Follette was one of only six senators who voted against the decision to go to war. Republican Senator George W. Norris of Nebraska was also opposed to entry into the war. Norris stated:
“I am most emphatically and sincerely opposed to taking any step that will force our country into the useless and senseless war now being waged in Europe...” He provided reasonable examples of how the United States is unfair in declaring war on Germany. One of his examples was that the British had declared a war zone on November 4th and America had submitted to it, but when Germany declared a war zone on February 4th America had opposed it. Both of them had violated international law and interfered with our neutral rights, and America only acts against Germany and not both. Again, he finds evidence where there are “Many instances of cruelty and inhumanity (that) can be found on both sides”. Norris believed that the government only wanted to take part in this war because the wealthy had already aided British financially in the war. He told Congress that the only people who would benefit from the war were “munition manufacturers, stockbrokers, and bond dealers”. He presented evidence to the Congress as a letter written by a member of the New York Stock Exchange. He concluded from his evidence that “Here we have the man representing the class of people who will be made prosperous should we become entangled in the present war, who have already made millions of dollars, and who will make many hundreds of millions more if we get into the war”. George W. Norris’s concludes that it is not worth going to war just to benefit the rich and to “deliver munitions of war to belligerent nations”. “War brings no prosperity to the great mass of common and patriotic citizens. It increases the cost of living of those who toil and those who already must strain every effort to keep soul and body together. War brings prosperity to the stock gambler on Wall Street--to those who are already in possession of more wealth than can be realized or enjoyed”.
Robert M. La Follette’s main argument echoed Norris. LaFollette also believed the reputation of America would deteriorate:
“When we cooperate with those governments, we endorse their methods; we endorse the violations of international law by Great Britain; we endorse the shameful methods of warfare against which we have again and again protested in this war”. He also gave recognition to Woodrow Wilson’s speech and how Wilson aimed towards his audience’s feelings. He criticized Wilson that “In many places throughout the address is this exalted sentiment given expression. It is a sentiment peculiarly calculated to appeal to American hearts and, when accompanied by acts consistent with it, is certain to receive our support”.
Despite what Norris and La Follette had to say, Congress had made a declaration of war on April 4, 1917.
The Fourteen Points
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Fourteen Points
Main article: Fourteen Points
Woodrow Wilson’s Speech in Congress: January 8, 1918Wilson articulated what became known as the Fourteen Points before Congress on January 8, 1918. The Points were the only war aims clearly expressed by any belligerent nation and became the basis for the Treaty of Versailles following the war. The speech—mostly written by Walter Lippmann, was highly idealistic, translating Wilson’s progressive domestic policy of democracy, self-determination, open agreements, and free trade into the international realm. The points were:
Abolition of secret treaties
Freedom of the seas
Free Trade
Disarmament
Adjustment of colonial claims (decolonization and national self-determination)
Russia to be assured independent development and international withdrawal from occupied Russian territory
Restoration of Belgium to antebellum national status
Alsace-Lorraine returned to France from Germany
Italian borders redrawn on lines of nationality
Autonomous development of Austria-Hungary as a nation, as the Austro-Hungarian Empire dissolved
Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, and other Balkan states to be granted integrity, have their territories de-occupied, and Serbia to be given access to the Adriatic Sea
Sovereignty for the Turkish people of the Ottoman Empire as the Empire dissolved, autonomous development for other nationalities within the former Empire
Establishment of an independent Poland with access to the sea
General association of the nations – a multilateral international association of nations to enforce the peace (League of Nations)
France wanted high reparations from Germany as French agriculture, industry, and lives had been so demolished by the war; and Britain, as the great naval power, did not want freedom of the seas. Wilson had to compromise with France’s Clemenceau and Britain’s Lloyd George at the Paris Peace talks to ensure that the fourteenth point, the League of Nations, would be established. It was established but the U.S. Senate did not accept the League and the U.S. never joined.
Wilsonian idealism
Official White House portrait of Woodrow WilsonIn the opinion of historian John Cooper, Wilson was a remarkably effective writer and thinker.
Wilson’s diplomatic policies had a profound influence on shaping the world. Diplomatic historian Walter Russell Mead has explained:
“Wilson’s principles survived the eclipse of the Versailles system and they still guide European politics today: self-determination, democratic government, collective security, international law, and a league of nations. Wilson may not have gotten everything he wanted at Versailles, and his treaty was never ratified by the Senate, but his vision and his diplomacy, for better or worse, set the tone for the twentieth century. France, Germany, Italy, and Britain may have sneered at Wilson, but every one of these powers today conducts its European policy along Wilsonian lines. What was once dismissed as visionary is now accepted as fundamental. This was no mean achievement, and no European statesman of the twentieth century has had as lasting, as benign, or as widespread an influence.“
American foreign relations since 1914 have rested on Wilsonian idealism, says historian David Kennedy, even if adjusted somewhat by the “realism“ represented by Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Henry Kissinger. Kennedy argues that every president since Wilson has
“embraced the core precepts of Wilsonianism. Nixon himself hung Wilson’s portrait in the White House Cabinet Room. Wilson’s ideas continue to dominate American foreign policy in the twenty-first century. In the aftermath of 9/11 they have, if anything, taken on even greater vitality
英国学者威尓逊,中文简介
英国物理学家汤姆生教授，在卡文迪许研究所从事物理教学和研究时，培养了几百个世界闻名的科学家，除了他本人和他的儿子外，还有8位学生赢得了科学界的最高荣誉——诺贝尔奖金。查尔斯·T ·R ·威尔逊就是8 个人中的一个。
查尔斯·T ·R ·威尔逊1869年2 月14 日生于苏格兰南部锡格伦科斯附近。他的父亲是一位农民，由于在牧羊业方面进行的新实验而在苏格兰享有名声。威尔逊是弟兄八人中最小的一个。
威尔逊从小就顽皮好动，坐不稳、立不安，仿佛永远也没有安静的时刻。 因此，他的父母很不喜欢他，认为他做什么也没有恒心，将来一定是一个没有出息、游手好闲的废物。这时，恰巧有一位有学问的牧师路过他家，当他了解了威尔逊的表现后，便劝他的父母不必过于焦虑，他说： “那些特别聪明的孩子，在小的时候，由于他的志向未定而往往显得出奇的顽皮。他一旦有了自己的兴趣和爱好以后，就不会这样顽皮淘气下去了。”这一番劝告可救了威尔逊，他的父母决心给他以求学深造的机会。
求学生涯
威尔逊最初曾就读于曼彻斯特的格林海斯学校，但是直到他 15岁进入曼彻斯特的欧文斯学院时，才真正发觉自己对物理有着浓厚的兴趣，他下定决心做一名物理学家。1888年他获得剑桥大学所颁发的奖学金后，就成为这所大学的一名物理系的研究生。研究生毕业接受学位以后，他的哥哥威廉便去世了。从此，家庭生活的重担落到了他一个人身上。他一方面需要供养母亲，另一方面又要为自己筹措学费，因此，他就到约克郡的布雷德福中学任教。然后，又到剑桥大学从事实验工作，以此维持家庭生活和自己的学习费用。1901年，他以优异的成绩被锡德克·苏塞克斯学院选中为研究人员，并被任命为大学的讲师和实验教师。到这时，他的经济状况才有所好转。
发明雾室
威尔逊一生的贡献很多，但是最主要的是发明了雾室。此事说来话长，那是由他的老师汤姆生的一番谈话引起的。有一天汤姆生向威尔逊提起，说他需要一种特别的仪器，这种仪器要能够显示出各个电子经由空气时所走路线的痕迹。威尔逊把老师的话牢牢记在心里，决心把这一设想变成现实。从此，他一心扑在制造这种仪器的工作上。
为了设计出这种仪器，他经常爬到苏格兰最高峰那维斯峰顶上的天文台去观察和研究云雾现象，据此于 1900年发表了一篇观察、研究结果的论文，说明空气中常有一些离子产生。这引起了科学界的重视。此后，他更全力研究空气的放电现象 （特别是在雨雪中的放射性），计算空气中所放电的电量。
经过长期的锻炼，威尔逊炼出了一双特别灵巧的手。他善于做各种实验。据说，当时的剑桥大学，没有一个人能做出比他更出色的实验。所有这些都为他后来发明雾室创造了有利条件。
雾室到底是怎么一回事呢？它有哪些作用？雾室里一个具有窗口的盒子，在它的下面有一个可动的活塞。把饱和水蒸汽的空气从一边的窗口引进盒子，当活塞向下移动时，盒子里的空气马上就扩散冷却下来，使部分蒸汽凝结而形成轻巧的云雾。就像天上云里的水气碰上灰尘粒子或带电荷的空气分子时，容易冷凝成液体一样，雾室的水蒸汽也有这种现象发生。利用这个原理，人们只要把一束从外面电子源射出来的电子流引进盒子里的另一个窗口，这些电子进入雾室后，就会将空气分子游离成离子。当湿气的小雾滴围绕在离子的四周时，它们即因电子的行进轨道而伸展成一条狭长的条纹，用肉眼可以看见。如将这薄薄的一层雾所形成的条纹拍摄下来，则电子行经空气的线路就会在照片上显示出来。
不只是电子，其他只要是能够游离气体的任何一种运动粒子，都可以在雾室里留下一道痕迹。利用这个原理，人们能够使那些小得无法直接摄影的粒子都可以看见了。不只是这些线路，而且那些高速粒子发生碰撞使路径突然改变的情形，也可通过摄影得知。这种雾室是研究a粒子的一种非常有用的工具。后来发现的正电子和介子，也是通过拍摄它行经雾室的线路而得知其线索的。
经过多年的悉心研究威尔逊终于从水蒸气凝结在离子上的现象中，发现了一种跟踪离子轨迹的方法即雾室，从而把幻想变成了现实。1911他亲自看到了带电粒子的轨迹。康普顿效应的理论发表后不久，威尔逊又进行了一系列的云迹观察，从实验上证实了这个理论，从而为爱因斯坦的光子学说提供了实验依据。1927年他和美国的阿瑟·荷里·康普顿共同荣获了诺贝尔物理学奖金。
威尔逊还对空气电导率进行过深入的研究。1900年，他在使用绝缘良好的验电器进行实验时，发现无论是在日光下或在黑暗中，也无论是对正电荷或负电荷进行试验时，发现总有残留漏电的现象。这是什么原因？威尔逊阐述说： “目前进行的实验，只是为了试验无尘空气中离子的产生，是否由于大气外某种辐射源的辐射所致？这种射线也许类似伦琴射线或阴极射线，但它具有非常巨大的穿透本领。”这一创造性的假设，终于在1915年为维克托·赫斯所验证。赫斯把一个验电器安装在气球上，从而发现了空气的电导率在起初下降之后便随高度而增加，赫斯据此提出了存在 “宇宙辐射”的假设。
2主要成就
威尔逊的一生除了荣获诺贝尔奖金外，还获得过许多其他荣誉，譬如，1900年，他被选为英国皇家学会的会员；1911年被授予休斯勋章；1922年被授予皇室勋章；1935年被授予柯普莱勋章。1937年，又由女王指定为勋爵，并在阿伯丁、格拉斯哥、曼彻斯特、利物浦、伦敦和剑桥享有荣誉学位。
威尔逊虽然贡献颇多，然而为人非常和蔼可亲，平易近人，从不以学者权威自居。他特别喜欢接近青年，尤其是那些事业心不强的学生。他同他们聊天，参加他们的活动，利用一切可以利用的机会来启发他们思考，鼓励他们上进。所以在他那漫长的教书生涯里，一直得到学生们的衷心爱戴
成绩最接近80后5虎的90后球员是谁
2020到2021赛季的斯诺克世界巡回赛目前正在休战阶段。明年1月4号全新的斯诺克赛事将全面开战中国斯诺克再次向冠军发起冲击。北京时间。2020年12月23号是斯诺克著名球员凯伦威尔逊29岁的生日。就在生日当天凯伦威尔逊与家人度过了一个愉快的生日。在接下来的圣诞节，凯伦威尔逊也将与家人团聚共庆这一美好节日。

转眼之间作为一名九零后球员凯伦威尔逊也已经将近年满30。岁月不饶人凯伦威尔逊从一名小将已经成长为了一名老将。职业生涯的时间转眼之间也来到了十年之久。十年当中凯伦威尔逊还经历了短暂的降级。不过一年的降级之后凯伦威尔逊随即卷土重来。2015年上海大师赛，凯伦威尔逊卷土重来，在这次比赛凯伦威尔逊一路过关斩将，终于拿到他生涯首冠！凯伦又经过三年的沉沦，2018年以后更是连续拿到4个冠军，如今凯伦威尔逊的职业生涯排名赛冠军数来到4个，总冠军数来到5个，本赛季更是拿到了冠军联赛的冠军，凯伦威尔逊名声大噪！凯伦威尔逊如今越来越成熟稳重！

已经29岁的凯伦威尔逊内心更加强大，他是90后球员中第一个站在三大赛决赛的球员，2018年大师赛，凯伦威尔逊打进决赛可惜输给了马克艾伦无缘冠军，凯伦威尔逊还在上赛季世锦赛获得亚军，再次刷新90后球员在世锦赛的最佳战绩，本赛季凯伦威尔逊更是击败特鲁姆普夺冠，在与80后5虎的对位中，凯伦威尔逊部落下风！

在斯诺克赛场，80后三虎迎头赶上，75三杰逐渐衰微，凯伦威尔逊也迎来了追赶前辈的机会，只有29岁正值当打之年，凯伦威尔逊也成为为数不多可以对抗80后三虎的年轻球员，完全可以在赛场跟80后三虎分庭抗礼，凯伦威尔逊相当伟大，下半程的比赛，凯伦威尔逊的冠军数很可能再次攀升，继续缩小与丁俊晖，墨菲等80后佼佼者的差距，如今凯伦威尔逊跟34岁的马克艾伦还有一个冠军差距，跟39岁的马奎尔还剩两个冠军差距！稳中求进，砥砺前行，凯伦威尔逊是90后年轻球员中最有望追上特鲁姆普的球员，他也是90后球员中无限接近80后5虎的90后球员，长江后浪推前浪，相信凯伦威尔逊未来更加辉煌！

历史上轰出147夺冠的球手有哪些
在官方记录的所有满分（目前是98杆）中，共有9人18次夺得当届赛事的最终冠军，其中排名赛6人10次，非排名赛4人7次，分别为：
（粗体表示决赛满分）
非排名赛：
1989苏格兰职业锦标赛：约翰瑞
1992超级联赛：亨德利
1997挑战赛：亨德利（2）
1999英国巡回赛第三站：宾汉姆*
2000爱尔兰大师赛：希金斯
2001马耳他大奖赛：亨德利（2）
2005大师赛资格赛：宾汉姆（2）
PTC：
2014格丁尼亚公开赛：墨菲
排名赛：
1995世界锦标赛：亨德利
1995英国锦标赛：亨德利（2）
1999英国公开赛：亨德利（3）
2000苏格兰公开赛：奥沙利文
2007英国锦标赛：奥沙利文（2）
2008中国公开赛：马奎尔
2008世界锦标赛：奥沙利文（3）
2012上海大师赛：希金斯
2013PTC总决赛：丁俊晖
2013无锡精英赛：罗伯逊*
2014威尔士公开赛：奥沙利文（4）
*：此两处147是在赛事的资格赛上完成。
亨德利共6次上榜，奥沙利文4次，希金斯和宾汉姆各2次，这就是史上所有同一赛事夺冠并进入147榜单的全记录。
其它147冠军不完全统计：
1979年1月：斯宾塞 John Spencer
这次赛事名称叫做Holsten Lager International，在Slough举办，本来有视频录制但是负责人中途离开，正好就错过了拍摄147。后来斯宾塞打进决赛夺冠。
1994年：沃伦金 Wa.....................
